CHAPTER 4
196
Graphics
Although the painting behavior described above is often attributed to individual
operators making up an object, it is always the object as a whole that is painted.
Figure 4.1 shows the ordering rules for the operations that define graphics
objects. Some operations are permitted only in certain types of graphics objects
or in the intervals between graphics objects (called the
page description level
in
the figure). Every content stream begins at the page description level, where
changes can be made to the graphics state, such as colors and text attributes, as
discussed in the following sections.
In the figure, arrows indicate the operators that mark the beginning or end of
each type of graphics object. Some operators are identified individually, others by
general category. Table 4.1 summarizes these categories for all PDF operators.
TABLE 4.1 Operator categories
CATEGORY
OPERATORS
TABLE
PAGE
General graphics state
Special graphics state
Path construction
Path painting
Clipping paths
Text objects
Text state
Text positioning
Text showing
Type 3 fonts
Color
Shading patterns
Inline images
XObjects
Marked content
Compatibility
w
,
J
,
j
,
M
,
d
,
ri
,
i
,
gs
q
,
Q
,
cm
m
,
l
,
c
,
v
,
y
,
h
,
re
S
,
s
,
f
,
F
,
f*
,
B
,
B*
,
b
,
b*
,
n
W
,
W*
BT
,
ET
Tc
,
Tw
,
Tz
,
TL
,
Tf, Tr, Ts
Td
,
TD
,
Tm
,
T*
Tj
,
TJ
,
'
,
"
d0
,
d1
CS
,
cs
,
SC
,
SCN
,
sc
,
scn
,
G
,
g
,
RG
,
rg
,
K
,
k
sh
BI
,
ID
,
EI
Do
MP
,
DP
,
BMC
,
BDC
,
EMC
BX
,
EX
4.7
4.7
4.9
4.10
4.11
5.4
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.10
4.24
4.27
4.42
4.37
10.7
3.29
219
219
226
230
235
405
398
406
407
423
287
303
352
332
851
152
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